GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO MACULAR DISEASES
What is macula?
The retina of the human eye corresponds to the film of a camera. It receives light and image signals. The central portion of the retina is called "macula". It is a delicate region rich in photoreceptor nerve cells that enable us to see fine details and color.
Figure showing the cross section of an eye |
Fundus photo showing a normal retina and macula |
What are the common causes of and how do we classify macular diseases?
The macula can be affected by a number of pathologies including trauma, infection, degeneration, vascular and inflammatory problems, etc. It can also be further subdivided into those with and without choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
More common causes of macular diseases not associated with CNV:
- Age-related macular degeneration (dry type)
- Diabetic macular edema
- Macular hole
- Epiretinal membrane
- Central serous chorioretinopathy
More common causes of macular diseases associated with CNV:
- Age-related macular degeneration (wet type)
- High myopia macular degeneration
- Idiopathic CNV
- Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
- Chorioditis of various causes
Idiopathic CNV
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Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
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What are the common symptoms of macular diseases?
Macula is important for central vision, fine visualization and color differentiation. Patients suffering from macular diseases may present with:
How do we know we have a macular problem?
Whenever you have the above symptoms, you must consult an eye doctor as soon as possible. Additionally, your eye doctor may advise you to help monitor progress of your macular disease by an Amsler chart. You should follow the advice and instruction given by your eye doctor.
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Possible image distortion and scotoma with macular diseases |
What are the available treatments?
Since there are so many different types and causes of macular diseases, treatment depends on the cause, location and extend of the macular involvement. Patients should seek advice from eye doctor for specific treatments of their macular problems. In general, the possible modalities of treatments include: